Administrasi Linux
admin | Tutorial | March 30th, 2009
Administrasi Sistem pada Sistem Operasi Linux
Sebuah sistem komputer, tetap membutuhkan perhatian dari manusia supaya dapat berjalan dengan baik. Mungkin sistem tersebut tetap dapat berjalan tanpa harus mendapatkan perhatian penuh dari manusia, namun jika terjadi masalah pada sistem tersebut, peranan manusia tetap diperlukan. Manusia yang bertugas untuk menangani hal ini disebut administrator sistem atau system administrator, disingkat menjadi sysadmin atau admin saja. Dalam artikel ini akan dibahas mengenai administrator sistem dan tugas-tugas apa saja yang harus dilakukannya.
Apa itu Administrasi Sistem?
Sebuah sistem komputer tidak akan dapat bekerja dengan baik jika salah satu dari ketiga komponen ini dihilangkan: hardware, software, brainware. Hardware adalah bagian komputer yang ada secara fisik. Software adalah kode-kode instruksi yang dijalankan pada hardware yang bersangkutan. Sedangkan brainware adalah manusia yang bertugas untuk mengoperasikan sistem komputer. Administrasi sistem adalah aspek yang berkaitan erat pada faktor brainware tersebut. Seorang sysadmin bertugas untuk menjaga agar sebuah sistem dapat tetap berjalan sesuai dengan fungsinya. Jika ada masalah pada sistem tersebut, dia berkewajiban untuk memperbaikinya. Setiap sistem komputer membutuhkan sysadmin, mulai dari komputer pribadi sampai ke mainframe berukuran besar. Semuanya tetap membutuhkan sysadmin. Jika anda adalah satu-satunya pengguna di komputer anda, anda adalah sysadmin bagi komputer anda sendiri. Anda semua adalah seorang sysadmin mungkin tanpa kesadaran anda sendiri.
Linux memiliki beragam fasilitas untuk mengotomatisasi seluruh kegiatannya. Hal ini tentunya sangat memudahkan seorang administrator. Administrator tidak perlu melakukan pekerjaan yang berulang-ulang secara manual, pekerjaan yang demikian dapat diserahkan kepada sistem Linux. Dengan perintah yang tepat, sistem akan dapat melakukan tugasnya tanpa perlu diperintah ulang.
Konsep User dan Permission
Linux adalah sistem operasi multiuser. Artinya, sebuah sistem Linux dapat dipakai oleh lebih dari satu orang sekaligus. Seorang pengguna Linux memiliki sebuah direktori pribadi (home directory) untuk menyimpan file-filenya. Umumnya ia tidak diperkenankan untuk memodifikasi isi direktori selain home directory-nya. Pada kebanyakan sistem Linux, home directory user abc biasanya diletakkan di /home/abc. Pada Linux, setiap file dimiliki oleh seorang user dan sebuah group. Hak akses baca, tulis, dan execute untuk user dan group juga dapat dibatasi. Hal ini akan mempermudah administrasi sistem karena user tidak akan dapat mengubah konfigurasi sistem seenaknya, berbeda dengan sistem operasi yang tidak didesain sebagai sistem operasi multiuser seperti halnya Windows.
Pada Linux (dan sistem UNIX lainnya) ada sebuah account yang memiliki hak mutlak pada sistem tersebut, account tersebut secara tradisional disebut ‘root’. Account ini bisa melakukan apa saja pada Linux tanpa mempedulikan hak akses. Account ini umumnya hanya digunakan untuk keperluan administrasi, dan tidak digunakan untuk keperluan sehari-hari. Mengapa account root tidak baik digunakan untuk keperluan sehari-hari? Program pada sebuah sistem operasi (Linux ataupun bukan Linux) mungkin memiliki bug atau kesalahan pemrograman. Dengan menjalankan program sebagai root, bug tersebut memiliki kemungkinan untuk dapat merusak seluruh sistem. Sedangkan jika program tersebut tidak dijalankan sebagai root, maka kerusakan hanya akan terjadi pada file milik user yang bersangkutan. Selain itu manusia adalah makhluk yang suka melakukan kesalahan, dengan account root, kesalahan tersebut akan dapat merusak sistem, sedangkan jika dilakukan oleh user biasa, kesalahan tersebut hanya akan berakibat fatal pada file yang dimiliki oleh user yang bersangkutan. Itulah sebabnya mengapa virus software hampir tidak pernah menjangkiti Linux, karena para penggunanya hanya menggunakan account ‘root’ untuk hal-hal yang benar-benar memerlukan ‘root’. Sebaliknya, pada sistem operasi single user seperti DOS, Windows atau MacOS, setiap user adalah ‘root’. Dapat anda bayangkan kekacauan yang terjadi pada masa itu jika sistem operasi tersebut digunakan oleh beberapa orang.
selengkapnya silakan download tutorial berikut ini. administrasi sistem linux
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